Эволюция научных запросов бизнеса на разных фазах жизненного цикла новых технологий

Abstract

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need to take into account the specifics of the stages of radical renewal of the technological base of the economy when forecasting the processes of scientific and technological development, while identifying scientific tasks relevant to business. The research methodology is based on the theory of general-purpose technologies, on the basis of which the corresponding technological aggregates (technological structures) are formed. The complex nature of the interrelationships between industries implementing already mastered and new technologies of wide application is shown. The available approaches to the study of the structural dynamics of the economy are presented, taking into account the identification of existing technological structures in it. In the article, the search for patterns of widespread technology dissemination is based on an analysis of the experience of using microelectronic technologies in a number of sectors of the US economy. The parameters of the spread of these technologies, which served as the basis for the formation of the fifth technological order, indicate both their active participation in the formation of the next technological order, and the varying degrees of involvement of existing industries in this process. It is shown that non-monotonous structural changes are observed not only in the real sector of the economy, but also in the field of research and development. The US experience suggests that the stage of intensive introduction of current long-wave technologies into the economy is accompanied by increasing business activity in the field of fundamental and applied research. After saturation of production with these technologies, the scientific interests of business shift towards improving innovations. The exhaustion of their potential encourages businesses to re-increase their involvement in fundamental research. Such research provides businesses with the groundwork to stay ahead of competitors in the formation and development of new markets. The state scientific and technical policy should take into account the specific properties of individual phases of the technological revolution.